For two days following his assassination, the senate debated the merits of restoring the Republic.[24]. Chronologie de l’empire romain depuis son avènement en -23 avec Auguste inaugurant le règne des Julio-Claudiens, suivit des Flaviens, des Antonins de la Pax Romana et des Sévères qui se termine en 235 par le début de l’anarchie militaire. Theodosius restored Valentinian to power and through his influence had him converted to orthodox catholic Christianity. Valens was apparently overconfident of the numerical superiority of his own forces over the Goths. King Decebalus, cornered by the Roman cavalry, eventually committed suicide rather than being captured and humiliated in Rome. His brief renaissance of paganism would, however, end with his death. In 175, while on campaign in the northern Germany in the Marcomannic Wars, Marcus was forced to contend with a rebellion by Avidius Cassius, a general who had been an officer during the wars against Persia. The Pax Romana, or "Roman Peace", ended with the reign of Commodus. A relative of Leo I's wife Verina whose name is lost was married to Julius, the future emperor, who took the name Nepos, 'nephew', from his wife's relationship with the imperial dynasty. He reportedly recruited Alans to his personal service and adopted the guise of a Scythian warrior for public appearances. Also, through his power as censor, he was able to carefully examine the fiscal status of every city and province, many paying taxes based upon information and structures more than a century old. In Rome, his relations with the Senate were poor, but he was popular with the commoners, as with his soldiers, whose salary he raised. The triumvirate ended in 32 BC, torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members: Lepidus was forced into exile and Antony, who had allied himself with his lover Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, committed suicide in 30 BC following his defeat at the Battle of Actium (31 BC) by the fleet of Octavian. He established new administrative centers in Nicomedia, Mediolanum, Antioch, and Trier, closer to the empire's frontiers than the traditional capital at Rome had been. In Britain, he ordered the construction of a wall, the famous Hadrian's Wall as well as various other such defences in Germania and North Africa. Caligula was a son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of ancient Rome from the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476 in the West, and the Fall of Constantinople in the East in AD 1453. He was thus a descendant of both Augustus and Livia. In 43 BC at the age of twenty he became one of the three members of the Second Triumvirate, a political alliance with Marcus Lepidus and Mark Antony. Son successeur, Hadrien, qui régna entre 117 et 138 abandonna la politique guerrière de ses prédécesseurs, fortifia les frontières de l’empire (mur d’Hadrien en Écosse) et Cassius proclaimed himself Roman Emperor and took the provinces of Egypt and Syria as his part of the empire. Three days later, Macrinus was declared augustus. Although effective while he ruled, Diocletian's tetrarchic system collapsed after his abdication under the competing dynastic claims of Maxentius and Constantine, sons of Maximian and Constantius respectively. Eck, Werner; translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider; new material by Sarolta A. Takács. In August 306, Galerius promoted Severus to the position of augustus. Most chronologies place the end of the western Roman Empire in 476, when Romulus Augustulus was forced to abdicate to the Germanic warlord Odoacer. This order led the Gallic troops to an insurrection. Livy wrote his history during Augustus's reign and covered all of Roman history through 9 BC, but only epitomes survive of his coverage of the late Republican and Augustan periods. Diadumenian was the son of Macrinus, born in 208. Marcian was the last of the Theodosians to rule in the east, and only connected to them by marriage to the augusta. Trajan first invaded Armenia. He had served as an effective general under his father, helping to secure the east and eventually taking over the command of Roman armies in Syria and Iudaea, quelling a significant Jewish revolt at the time. He had been in hiding since the election of Jovian. In 299 he sacked their capital, Ctesiphon. Rome antique (jusqu'en 264 avant J.-C.) The rivers Rhine and Danube became the permanent borders of the Roman empire in the North. When Anastasius himself died, the court at Constantinople ignored potential claimants from the Valentinianic–Theodosian dynasty and elevated instead a senior officer of the imperial guard, Justin I, as augustus. [50] Although advised to flee, he then attempted to reason with them, and was almost successful before being struck down by one of the soldiers. Seeing that her grandson's outrageous behavior could mean the loss of power, Julia Maesa persuaded Elagabalus to accept his cousin Alexander Severus as caesar (and thus the nominal emperor-to-be). The emperor decided not to press on towards a final conquest as his armies needed reorganisation, but he did impose very hard peace conditions on the Dacians. Copy link. Magnus Maximus, a general from Hispania, stationed in Roman Britain, was proclaimed Augustus by his troops in 383 and, rebelling against Gratian, he invaded Gaul. That year, Orestes, having stolen power from the emperor Julius Nepos the year before, refused the request of Germanic mercenaries in his service for lands in Italy. He was assassinated while en route to a campaign against the Parthians by the Praetorian Guard. Zeno granted Odoacer the title patrician. The so-called Domus Aurea, meaning golden house in Latin, was constructed atop the burnt remains of Rome after the Great Fire of Rome (64). He also apparently had the good fiscal sense of his father; although he spent lavishly, his successors came to power with a well-endowed treasury. Facing execution at the hands of the Roman Senate, he reportedly committed suicide in 68. The state of absolute monarchy that began with Diocletian endured until the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453. The year 476 is generally accepted as the formal end of the western Roman Empire. However, Alexander was popular with the troops, who viewed their new emperor with dislike: when Elagabalus, jealous of this popularity, removed the title of caesar from his nephew, the enraged Praetorian Guard swore to protect him. p. 29. Titus, Vespasian's successor, quickly proved his merit, although his short reign was marked by disaster, including the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Pompeii. He is considered to have become a figurehead while Frankish general Merobaudes and bishop Ambrose of Milan jointly acted as the power behind the throne. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the Republic in the 6th century BC, though it did not expand outside of the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC. However, the eastern emperor Theodosius refused to recognise Eugenius as emperor and invaded the West, defeating and killing Arbogast and Eugenius at the Battle of the Frigidus. Après l’assassinat de Jules César, Auguste est monté au pouvoir par une série de manœuvres politiques et militaires, s’imposant finalement comme le premier empereur de Rome. He restored the privileges of Christianity. • Auguste impose la conception unificatrice de César. Bureaucratic and military growth, constant campaigning, and construction projects increased the state's expenditures and necessitated a comprehensive tax reform. Ruling from the age of fourteen under the influence of his able mother, Julia Avita Mamaea, Alexander restored, to some extent, the moderation that characterized the rule of Septimius Severus. Il maintient les institutions du régime républicainmais lui et ses successeurs les vident progressivement de leur pouvoir. Au début du 5e siècle av. Les champs obligatoires sont indiqués avec *. He was considered a hero by pagan sources of his time and a villain by Christian ones. [5][6][7][8] Civil war engulfed the Roman state in the mid 1st century BC, first between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and finally between Octavian and Mark Antony. Vitellius was murdered by his own troops and, the next day, Vespasian, then sixty years old, was confirmed as emperor by the Senate. The election of Valens was soon disputed. The peaceful provinces were re-classified as senatorial provinces, governed as they had been during the Republic by members of the Senate sent out annually by the central government. In the reign of Philip the Arab (r. 244–249), Rome celebrated the thousandth anniversary of her founding by Romulus and Remus with the Saecular Games. Born Varius Avitus Bassianus on 16 May 205, known later as M. Aurelius Antonius, he was appointed at an early age to be priest of the sun god, Elagabalus, represented by a large, dark rock called a baetyl, by which name he is known to historians (his name is sometimes written "Heliogabalus"). His most significant early decision was to make peace with the Parthian Empire, but many thought that the terms were degrading to the Romans. He instead placed similar restrictions on Christianity, and some unofficial violence against Christians occurred. In addition, he allotted sizeable subsidies to the arts, and created a chair of rhetoric at Rome. His paternal grandparents were Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor, and his maternal grandparents were Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. Julian had received his baptism as a Christian years before, but no longer considered himself one. J.-C. et s’est maintenue jusqu’à l’époque de l’Empire romain en l’an 27 av. [58][59] Julianus declared Severus a public enemy because he was the nearest of the three and, therefore, the most dangerous foe. On December 20, 69, some of Vespasian's partisans were able to occupy Rome. His generosity in rebuilding after these tragedies made him very popular. To do this, he not only increased taxes, but created new forms of taxation. In doing so, he effectively created what would become the western empire and the eastern empire. Constantine II was killed in conflict with his youngest brother in 340. Jovian himself died on February 17, 364. The eldest son of Severus, Caracalla was born Lucius Septimius Bassianus in Lugdunum, Gaul. The transition to divided western and eastern halves of the empire was gradual. Theodosius continued supporting Valentinian and protecting him from a variety of usurpations. Zeno, who was then sole augustus, faced numerous rebellions because of his tenuous claim to the throne, including a usurpation by Basiliscus, Leo I's brother-in-law, that briefly ousted Zeno from Constantinople. J.-C., qui concerne surtout la partie orientale de l'Empire, avec Constantinople pour capitale, les historiens modernes parlent aujourd'hui d'Empire byzantin. Also included in Augustus's tribunician authority were powers usually reserved for the Roman censor; these included the right to supervise public morals and scrutinize laws to ensure they were in the public interest, as well as the ability to hold a census and determine the membership of the Senate. Résumé des restrictions, conditions d'entrée en Italie, test PCR, etc. Not until the reign of Heraclius would the Roman army push so far to the east, and Roman territory never again reached so far eastward. Building on third-century trends towards absolutism, he styled himself an autocrat, elevating himself above the empire's masses with imposing forms of court ceremonies and architecture. L’empire romain parvint à son apogée sous le règne de Trajan (98-117). While the senior augustus administered the eastern empire, Gratian governed the praetorian prefecture of Gaul. [32] Decebalus complied with the terms for a time, but before long he began inciting revolt. During his rule, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent; it was quite possible for a Roman to travel from Britain to the Persian Gulf without leaving Roman territory. He sought a replacement augustus for the Eastern Roman Empire. Odoacer quickly conquered the remaining provinces of Italy. In 387, Maximus apparently decided to rid himself of his Italian rival. His edict of toleration in 362 ordered the reopening of pagan temples and the reinstitution of alienated temple properties, and, more problematically for the Christian Church, the recalling of previously exiled Christian bishops. [10] In defining historical epochs, this crisis is typically viewed as marking the start of the Late Roman Empire,[11] and also the transition from Classical Antiquity to Late Antiquity. However, his rule soon became characterized by paranoia. The two augusti of Italy also managed to ally themselves with Constantine by having Constantine marry Fausta, the daughter of Maximian and sister of Maxentius. Il transforme l'empire romain d'Orient en empire byzantin (du nom de Byzance, nom grec de Constantinople). Julian himself was not a traditional pagan. [64][65] [66][67] Severus ignored these overtures and pressed forward, all Italy declaring for him as he advanced. When Zeno finally died in 491, his widow Ariadne remarried, wedding a silentiarius, Anastasius Dicorus, who was then acclaimed and crowned emperor. [42], After the murder had been carried out, Pertinax, who was serving as urban prefect at this time, was hurried to the Praetorian Camp and proclaimed emperor the following morning. J.-C.. Pour la période postérieure, de 476 à 1453 apr. However, dozens of formerly thriving cities, especially in the western empire, had been ruined, their populations dispersed and, with the breakdown of the economic system, could not be rebuilt. Whatever the case, he was greatly mourned and missed. The Roman state would continue to have two different emperors with different seats of power throughout the 5th century, though the Eastern Romans considered themselves to be the only ones who were fully Roman. He was given the title caesar in 217, when his father became augustus, and raised to co-augustus the following year. [19] Senators were prohibited from so much as visiting Roman Egypt, given its great wealth and history as a base of power for opposition to the new emperor. In addition, he often appeared in full military regalia as an imperator, an affront to the idea of what the Principate-era emperor's power was based upon: the emperor as the princeps. In 212, during the reign of Caracalla, Roman citizenship was granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire. The senior augustus also became unpopular with his own Roman troops because of his close association with so-called barbarians. Severus fought a successful war against the Parthians and campaigned with success against barbarian incursions in Roman Britain, rebuilding Hadrian's Wall. The role of choosing a new Augustus fell again to army officers. Gratian fled from Lutetia (Paris) to Lugdunum (Lyon), where he was assassinated on August 25, 383, at the age of 25. His reign was also notable for the Antonine Constitution (Latin: Constitutio Antoniniana), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted Roman citizenship to nearly all freemen throughout the Roman Empire. [39][41], The period of the "Five Good Emperors" was brought to an end by the reign of Commodus from 180 to 192. At the same time, he increased the number of senators from 200 (at that low level because of the actions of Nero and the year of crisis that followed), to 1,000; most of the new senators came not from Rome but from Italy and the urban centres within the western provinces. Domitian repelled the Dacians in his Dacian War; the Dacians had sought to conquer Moesia, south of the Danube in the Roman Balkans. Constantine would rule until his death on 22 May 337. He defeated the Sarmatians and Carpi during several campaigns between 285 and 299, the Alamanni in 288, and usurpers in Egypt between 297 and 298. 476 Le 4 septembre, Odoacre, chef des Hérules, barbares alliés aux Huns d’Attila, se présente devant Romulus Augustule (461-507), le dernier empereur, pour lui signifier que Rome ne contrôle plus l’Europe. While their respective choices of successor were based upon the merits of the individual men they selected rather than dynastic, it has been argued that the real reason for the lasting success of the adoptive scheme of succession lay more with the fact that none but the last had a natural heir. Most of what history remembers of Caligula comes from Suetonius, in his book Lives of the Twelve Caesars. On his death in February 395, the two halves of the Empire to his two sons Arcadius and Honorius. In his own family life, Claudius was less successful. With imperium maius, Augustus was the only individual able to grant a triumph to a successful general as he was ostensibly the leader of the entire Roman army. The other deputation was from Julius Nepos, requesting support to regain the throne. 410 Premières invasions. However, the newcomers faced problems from allegedly corrupted provincial commanders and a series of hardships. Arcadius died in 408, having already elevated his infant son Theodosius II to augustus in 402. Diocletian's reign also brought the Empire's most concerted effort against the perceived threat of Christianity, the "Great Persecution". After his accession, Nerva set a new tone: he released those imprisoned for treason, banned future prosecutions for treason, restored much confiscated property, and involved the Roman Senate in his rule. Ainsi, Rome contrôle la quasi-totalité des terres situées sur le pourtour méditerranéen. The magister militum Arbogast was sent to Trier with orders to also kill Flavius Victor. The younger Theodosius was named Gratian and Valentinian's junior co-augustus on January 19, 379, at Sirmium. "Han Foreign Relations," in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds). When Pulcheria died in 453 and Marcian died in 457, ending the Theodosian line, the court at Constantinople selected the general Leo I as his successor as augustus, beginning the reign of the Leonid dynasty. In 116, he captured the great city of Susa. Eck, Werner; translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider; new material by Sarolta A. Takács. Historians thus refer to their dynasty as "Julio-Claudian". [39][40] Furthermore, in his Geography (c. 150 AD), Ptolemy described the location of the Golden Chersonese, now known as the Malay Peninsula, and beyond this a trading port called Kattigara. Order was eventually restored by the victories of Constantine, who became the first emperor to convert to Christianity, and who founded Constantinople as a new capital for the empire after defeating his co-emperor Licinius. Several legions, particularly those with members of doubtful loyalties, were simply disbanded. The Diocletianic Persecution (303–11), the empire's last, largest, and bloodiest official persecution of Christianity, did not destroy the empire's Christian community; indeed, after 324 Christianity became the empire's preferred religion under its first Christian emperor, Constantine. Julian died childless and with no designated successor. When Commodus' behaviour became increasingly erratic throughout the early 190s, Pertinax is thought to have been implicated in the conspiracy that led to Commodus' assassination on 31 December 192. In 392 Valentinian II died mysteriously in Vienne. His personal beliefs were largely influenced by Neoplatonism and Theurgy; he reputedly believed he was the reincarnation of Alexander the Great. La région Latium passant en zone jaune, les musées ouvrent en semaine à Rome, ainsi que bars et restaurants sous conditions et jusqu'à 18h. Nevertheless, as generous and magnanimous as his father was, Commodus was just the opposite. On March 1, 293, authority was further divided. In 386 Maximus and Victor finally received official recognition by Theodosius but not by Valentinian. Durant les 150 années suivantes, les Romainsagrandissent enco… His reign in Rome has long been known for outrageousness, although the historical sources are few, and in many cases not to be fully trusted. Rome antique: l'Empire romain (27 avant J.-C.-476 après J.-C.) L'Empire d'Auguste à Trajan Cet article fait partie du dossier consacré à la Rome antique.. Pour avoir une vue d'ensemble sur la Rome antique, consultez en priorité les articles suivants du dossier en cliquant sur celui de votre choix : . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. War between the rival emperors continued until Procopius was defeated. According to Suetonius, Caligula once planned to appoint his favourite horse Incitatus to the Roman Senate. In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian imperator ("commander") thus beginning the Principate, the first epoch of Roman imperial history usually dated from 27 BC to AD 284; they later awarded him the name Augustus, "the venerated". This led to his murder in 96, orchestrated by his enemies in the Senate, Stephanus (the steward of the deceased Julia Flavia), members of the Praetorian Guard and the empress Domitia Longina. Following the suicide of Otho, Vespasian was able to take control of Rome's winter grain supply in Egypt, placing him in a good position to defeat his remaining rival, Vitellius. Before his father's death, Caracalla was proclaimed co-emperor with his father and brother Geta. Chronologie de l’empire romain depuis son avènement en -23 avec Auguste inaugurant le règne des Julio-Claudiens, suivit des Flaviens, des Antonins de la Pax Romana et des Sévères qui se termine en 235 par le début de l’anarchie militaire. Progressivement les Romains vont constituer un empire puissant qui va d’abord prendre la forme politique d’une royauté jusqu’en 509 av JC date à laquelle elle se transforme en République. 12 avril 2020. Vetranio served a brief term from March 1 to December 25, 350. [57] When news of the public anger in Rome spread across the Empire, the generals Pescennius Niger in Syria, Septimius Severus in Pannonia, and Clodius Albinus in Britain, each having three legions under his command, refused to recognize the authority of Julianus.