Ин-т российской истории РАН (Russian Academy of Sciences). [620] These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders, (1956) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,650,000 = (3,760,000)military; (430,000)civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,260,000) deaths to expulsion from Poland and (200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. On June 10, Italy invaded France, declaring war on France and the United Kingdom. 18–23, Mikhalev, S. N (2000). return to World War 2, 1939-1945: Appreciation. During the war, Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by both German and Soviet submarines; 2,000 merchant seamen were killed. universitet (Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University). The Japanese interned 105,530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies, of whom 13,567 died. This report (HMSO 6832) listed: The preliminary 1945 data for UK colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and. 22–23, Жертвы двух диктатур. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961] pp. [31] With peace, the world war broke out. Sources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below. [49], At the same time, Japan's progress in China was still not much, although the nationalist and communist Chinese began fighting each other again. The Dominions have full … On December 16, 1944, the Germans tried one last time to take the Western Front by attacking the Allies in Ardennes, Belgium, in a battle is known as the Battle of the Bulge. Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities, the constant threat of incendiary raids, and the formal evacuation programs of the Government, an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan. Vertreibungsgebieten östlich von Oder und Neiße. (1950) The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions. A large number of partisans and members of the RSI forces were former members of the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy, to which is referred the 3,430,000 figure. The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders, not including the former German territories in Poland. The Nazis used their racial policy and murdered a lot of people they thought non-human. (International Population Statistics Reports series P-90, No. The tables below give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. These figures include military dead of 30,000 Chinese from Taiwan and 22,182 Koreans. Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis. According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1/1/1939 (within post war 1945–1992 borders) was 14,612,000. Mentally and Physically Handicapped: Victims of the Nazi Era, Bundesarchiv: Euthanasie-Verbrechen 1939–1945, "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. By 1945 some weapons were made almost entirely by women.              Formosa (Taiwan): 28,500, 10,600, (39,100) All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. Learn about the conflict between the Allies and the Axis powers by studying these words related to World War II. [57], By November 1941, the Commonwealth counter-attacked the Axis in North Africa and got all the land it lost before. Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000. The mass evacuation of children also had a major impact on the lives of mothers during the war years. In 2018, the United States Holocaust museum has the number of murdered during the time period of the holocaust at 17 million – 6 million Jews and 11 million others. Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. [270] Both treated prisoners of war badly. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warsaw 2009; Poland. Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish. In this uncertain situation, estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100,000 and 180,000 for Hiroshima, and between 50,000 and 100,000 for Nagasaki. According to a report compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964, combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war (1937–45) numbered approximately 2,121,000; broken down as follows: In 1949 the report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board put military war dead from December 1941 to December 21, 1946 at 1,555,308 Killed and 309,402 wounded, The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead in 1935–1945 were 1,687,738(1,340,700 Army and 347,038 Navy), The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951 to 1960 that 254,000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95,000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war. During the summer, the Axis quickly captured Ukraine and the Baltic regions, which caused huge damage to the Soviets. Dutch Military losses in Asia were 2,500 killed in the 1942. Long after the war, a myth persisted claiming the German military (or Wehrmacht) was not involved in the Holocaust and other crimes associated with Nazi genocidal policy. In general, it was quite positive. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. The most numerous victims were Serbs. The hardest hit localities were Podgorica, Leskovac, Zadar and Belgrade. [166] The tank was improved in speed, armour and firepower during the war. [177] Erlikman, a Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. (figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare), Ishikida, Miki (2005). Others include the first programmable computers, modern missiles and rockets, and the atomic bombs. [153] One of the worst one-day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre. "Christian Streit: Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die Sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941–1945, Bonn: Dietz (3. universitet (Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University). [619] Jewish victims in Yugoslavia totaled 67,122. At the start of the war, most commanders thought that using better tanks was the best way to fight enemy tanks. An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished, or about 3% of the 1940 world population (est. World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history.An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished, or about 3% of the 1940 world population (est. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. With the attacks in Italy from September 1943, the Allies succeeded in capturing Rome on June 4, 1944, and made the German forces fall back.[86]. Even Princess Elizabeth, who later became Queen Elizabeth II, worked as a mechanic to aid the war effort. [33], After Poland was defeated, the "Phoney War" began in Western Europe. The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages. Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986 (in Italian). [262] Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history. Egyptian military casualties were 1,125 killed and 1,308 wounded. France and Britain reacted by declaring war on Germany. [160][161][162] The important reason was they were cheaper. Bureau odszkodowan wojennych, Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945. When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given, in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. [490], 3-The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 A Statistical Investigation). "[615] According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "The Croat authorities murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia during the period of Ustaša rule; more than 30,000 Croatian Jews were killed either in Croatia or at Auschwitz-Birkenau". World War Two media caption How art treasures were hidden from Hitler Almost 80 years ago Snowdonia prepared to keep a welcome in the hillside for some of the world… pedagog. . [71] Hitler devoted almost two-thirds of his armies to The Battle of Stalingrad. Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings, disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery, or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining. by Konrad Adenauer. Total military dead were put at 4,440,000 (3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders. [431][432][433][434][435][436][437][438], Military war dead The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States, France, and the UK do not give the details of the national origin, race and religion of the losses. "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. [12] The size of their army and navy was also limited,[13] while its air force was banned.         which are attributed to an increase in natural deaths from 1940–1945 and 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the Royal Navy (50,758); British Army (144,079); Royal Air Force (69,606). [26] In the secret part of it, they agreed to divide Eastern Europe between them.[27]. [272], Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives (Germany 381,067; Hungary 54,755; Romania 54,612; Italy 27,683; Finland 403, and Japan 62,069). Aufl., 1. The Battle of Stalingrad was the largest and deadliest battle in this world's time. [7] Historian Rüdiger Overmans of the Military History Research Office (Germany) published a study in 2000 that estimated the German military dead and missing at 5.3 million, including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders, in Austria, and in east-central Europe. "[398], Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign, Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecution, Expulsion and flight of ethnic Germans Modern updates of UK casualties including the wounded are contained in. The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead[10]^AY4. Commissariato generale C.G.V. [4] The war began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the Allied victory. The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war-related famine deaths in the USSR, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties.[15][16]. For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Germany, and Yugoslavia, sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, crimes against humanity and war-related famine. [21] Shortly after that, the Allies agreed to give Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia, to Germany, so that Hitler would promise to stop taking more land. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; S. N. Mikhalev, Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie, Krasnoiarskii gos. [96] Many Japanese cities were destroyed by Allied bombings, and Japanese imports were cut off by American submarines. World War II (WWII or WW2), in the Soviet Union, the Great Patriotic War, was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Jehovah's Witnesses, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Freemasonry Under the Nazi Regime", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. After the Reichstag fire, Hitler created a totalitarian state, where there is only one party by law. The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities, for example the deaths of Austrians, French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the. The Cold War started after the formation of the American-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact.[109]. Total missing and POW were 341,765 (283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with Allies), only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity. It served throughout the Second World War. pedagog. The fascist movement in the 1920s brought Mussolini to the leadership of the country. The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10,000 deaths of native soldiers in, These totals do not include losses in the Italian, Military dead include killed and missing from the. With an introd. After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R., 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45. E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations". Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'. D. The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). The ground invasion, named Garden, reached the Rhine river, but could not take the Arnhem bridge. I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford, 2005; Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p.78 (available online at. This resulted in the United States dropping two atomic bombs over Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945). Updated February 26, 2010", "Tables "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, type of personnel, and theater: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" through "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946, "American Merchant Marine in World War 2", "The Public Health Service Commissioned Corps | Defense Media Network", "NOAA History /NOAA Legacy/NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey", "G.F. Krivosheev. Some 40 Irish citizens were killed by accidental, The Italian government issued an accounting of the war dead in 1957, they broke out the losses before and after the, Military losses in Italy after the September 1943. [159], At sea, the war focused on using aircraft carriers and submarines.     2- The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31, 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded. The Main Causes Germany ... Séquence WW1 Page 4 Task 2: By 1900 Europe was divided into two alliances. "[14] The table below gives data on the number of dead and military wounded for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. By 1941, much of Europe was under German control, including France. vs. United States 485,717 killed and 34,679 wounded. The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman [ru]. [165], The style of war on the land changed from World War I to be more moveable. [24] The Allies now tried to stop him, by promising to help Poland if it was attacked. Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet World War II fatalities. The total still missing on 2/28/1946 were 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18); Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001; ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 176", "The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission", "Service Files of the Second World War – War Dead, 1939–1947", https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/seconde-guerre-mondiale-tombes-sous-les-bombes-amies_1547454.html, Bundesarchiv Euthanasie im Nationalsozialismus, "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße", "Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe - Hampe: Der zivile Luftschutz im Zweiten Weltkrieg", Zahl der Vertreibungsopfer ist neu zu erforschen Rüdiger Overmans Deutschlandfunk.              Borneo: 11,300, 6,700, (18,000) [7][8][9][10] Finland, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Thailand joined the Axis later. The database includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army, navy or the air force. 2: 1978 (3,000,000), Encyclopædia Britannica – 1992 (2,384,000), The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. [89] Communist Serbs partisans under Josip Broz Tito retook Belgrade with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. The military’s complicity extended not only to the generals and upper leadership but also to the rank and file. During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis. Operation Pied Piper: The Evacuation of English Children During World War II By Dwight Jon Zimmerman - December 31, 2011 Children of an eastern suburb of London, who have been made homeless by the random bombs of Nazi night raiders, wait outside the wreckage of what was … There were 1,536 deaths among the 13,996 interned civilians in 1942–45. UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces. Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей -Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles.            10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078. Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 1944–45 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2 million. Informationen zur Klärung der Schicksale von Flüchtlingen aus den. In 1948 the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) issued a report of war losses. This was 76% of its 1940 rate. [62] But before any future invasion, it first had to destroy the American Pacific Fleet in the Pacific Ocean. After the German Empire was disestablished, the democratic Weimar Republic was set up. Operation Market-Garden was the combined aerial invasion of the Netherlands launched on September 17, 1944.              Moluccas: 2,600, 1,800, (4,400) [58] However, the Axis pushed the Allies back again until stopped at El Alamein.[59]. Ingo Haar, "Hochgerechnetes Unglück, Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben", Süddeutsche Zeitung, November 14, 2006. [48] Despite these victories, Hitler decided to cancel the bombing of Britain after 11 May. Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 (61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured (609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces). ; Kharkova, T.L. Between 5,000 and 10,000 Filipinos serving with the Filipino troops, Scouts, Constabulary and Philippine Army units lost their lives on the, In 2009, Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish, In his 2009 book, Andrzej Leon Sowa of the, The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation (including 123,178 military deaths, 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews), out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic, In August 2009, Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish. The countries that joined the war were on one of two sides: the Axis and the Allies. Civilian deaths of 203,250 which included 1,350 Merchant seaman, 2,800 executed, 2,500 dead in Dutch concentration camps,